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Preform 

In the preparation of this little history of the Old 
Pueblo, T have dravvn material from Major S. R. De 
Long's History of Arizona, Hamilton's Resources of 
Arizona, Bishop Salpointe's Soldiers of the Cross, 
and trespassed on Mr. Herbert Brown's knowl- 
edge of early events; particularly for descrip- 
tion of the building of the walled town and fort, 
in presidio times. Of course no one can make up 
history and I have gleaned from old newspaper 
articles, cut out and preserved for many years — 
and here and there whatever I could find. Have had 
a great deal of trouble with the dates, as much 
trouble with the dates as with the Indians, for 
every author has his own; however, have sent 
all the dates to the reservations with the In- 
dians — and if any reader of this book becomes dis- 
satisfied with the dates given, he may call up the 
reservations and obtain any date he wishes, for 
they are all there. 




3 

o 



OLD TUCSON 



CHAPTER I. 

EARLY DISCOVERIES — ANTE-COLONIAL TIMES. 
FOI^NDING OF MISSIONS. 

WERE one, on the Eastern campus of our 
vast domain, to rise in an airship, far 
above the lower air currents, and speed- 
ing his way on favoring breeze, far to the westward, 
seeing, where the trail of the pioneer had already 
grown obscure, the mystic land of our present 
civilization, he would behold Tucson, a pearl set in 
a land of blazing sands, of fertile valleys, and lode- 
rich mountain treasures, surpassing the wealth of 
Croesus, a land where religious warfare, educational 
development, and Christian training, against savag- 
ery and cupidity, had brought to view glittering 
spires, pointing the way to higher living among the 
influences of schools, universities and churches. 

Tucson, the oldest and largest town of Arizona, 
on the main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad — 
312 miles west of El Paso, and 500 miles east of Los 
Angeles, has an elevation of 2,400 feet above 
sea level, and its dry, healthful situation, with a cli- 
mate unequalled in any section of the country, 
renders it an enjoyable and famous winter resort; 
while the mountains surrounding the city, notably, 
Mt. Lemon, 9,150 feet high, in the Santa Catalina 
range; Old Baldy, 9,432 feet, in the Santa Ritas; 
and Mt. Mica, 8,590 feet, in the Rincons, are equally 
unsurpassed as a summer retreat. In all of these 



8 OLD TUCSON 

mountains, within a radius of thirty miles from 
Tucson, blankets are a necessity at night, even in 
the very hottest of weather. 

That our present modern city, under various 
appellations of Tuquelson, Tuqueston and Tucson 
(sometimes spelled Tuczon, Tuigson or Tuyson) 
was for many centuries an old Indian village 
there can be no doubt, for more than a quarter 
of a century before the Spaniards founded San 
Augustine, Alvar Nunez, with two other Span- 
iards, and a negro, Estevan or Estevancio, had in 
the course of their wanderings set foot on Arizona 
soil, and finally landing at Culiacan, in Sinaloa, 
Mexico, so wrought upon the ambitions of the peo- 
ple, concerning the seven cities of Cibola (Moqui 
and Zuni villages) both for material gain, and the 
conversion of the natives, that an adventurous pio- 
neer, Padre Marcos de Niza, determined to satisfy 
himself as to their truth or falsity — so early in 1539 
the good Father, with a few followers, and guided by 
Estevan, the Arabian negro who later came to grief, 
set out in search of the seven cities. They passed 
through the country of the Pimas, down the valley of 
the Santa Cruz, by the present site of Tucson, thence 
across to the Pima settlements on the Gila. Tucson 
is a Pima word, and they pronounced it "Chook Son," 
and its meaning is said to be "Black Creek." 

Diverging a moment from the direct history of the 
town, to see the end of this expedition, we find that at 
the Pima settlements the party being furnished with 
guides and provisions, pushed on to the North and 
East, until they came in sight of the first of the seven 
cities. Father de Niza sent forward Estevancio to 
notify the chief of their arrival, and peaceful mis- 



OLD TUCSON 9 

sion, but the hardy negro, falling into the illwill of 
the Moqui Indians, who — claiming that he bewitched 
their women — clubbed him to death, and the pious 
Father, hearing of his guide's sudden demise, con- 
cluded that the heathen of that section were not in 
a suitable frame of mind to receive Christian preach- 
ing, so set up the cross, naming the country the new 
kingdom of San Francisco, and returned to Culiacan. 
This Padre Niza was a Franciscan who, aside from 
the reason already mentioned in accompanying the ex- 
pedition, came also for the purpose of Christianizing 
the natives, and recording the progress and exploits 
of the journey. If his account is true, it is more 
than likely that a mission was even then founded at 
Tucson, for in April of the following year, 1540, when 
Coronado marched out of Culiacan, with nearly one 
thousand men, most of them Indians — by the same 
route as that taken by Alvar Nunez and his com- 
panions — he found at Tucson an Indian Rancherio 
(settlement). This statement corresponds with the 
account I saw elsewhere that a charter had been is- 
sued by the Spanish sovereign in 1552, for the 
Pueblo of Tucson, but the document was mislaid for 
a matter of three hundred years, or more, and then 
discovered in the archives of the present Church of 
San Xavier, which was erected on the site of an older 
structure. However, this account may be mythical 
in character, though said to be in the handwriting 
of the old Padre Marcos de Niza; but while ques- 
tions of location and settlement may be more arch- 
aeological than practical in interest, yet when we, 
on, or near the Pacific coast, hear about the Dutch 
settlers of New York, the Pilgrim Fathers of New 
England, the F. F. V.'s of Virginia, and the Hugue- 



OIJ) TUCSON 11 

nots of Georgia, Louisiana and the Carolinas, we 
may be pardoned if we tell them that they were a 
generation too late to be accounted true pioneers, 
and that Arizona is entitled to the honor of being 
the earliest European settlement in what is now 
the United States of America. 

Referring to Hamilton's Resources of Arizona we 
find the next exploration of the territory was in 
1582, and though no special mention is made of 
Tucson, yet being so important a town on the high- 
way from Sonora to the Pima settlements, we know 
that the little village enjoyed its full share of 
growth and prosperity. This expedition was by 
Antonio de Espejo, who gave the first authentic ac- 
count of the discovery of precious metals in Arizona, 
and was considered the pioneer prospector. But as 
these various expeditions were for the purpose — 
mainly — of acquiring sudden wealth, like the con- 
querors of Mexico and Peru, no effort was made for 
another century to establish permanent settlements 
in what was then called Arizuma. 

In 1686 the Jesuit missionary, Francisco Kino, 
joined by the Padre Salvatierra, journeyed north 
from the city of Mexico, and in 1687, founded the 
mission of Guevavi, thirty miles south of Tucson, 
and that of San Xavier del Bac (of the water) about 
the same time, at a point nine miles south of Tucson. 
The first mission building was a very unpretentious 
structure. 

In 1720, thirty-three years after the founding of 
these missions, there were no less than eight of 
them, all in a flourishing condition, within the pres- 
ent limits of the territory. Their names, respectively, 
were: Guevavi, San Xavier del Bac, San Jose de 



12 OLD TUCSON 

Tumacacori (which has been reserved by the U, S. 
as a national monument), Santa Gertrudis de Tubac, 
San Miguel de Sonoita, Calabasas, Arivaca and 
Santa Ana. 

The converts of these missions, almost entirelj'' 
from the Pima tribes, took the name of Papago, which 
means baptized. They were a noble monument to 
the faithful labors of Fray Kino and his associates. 
This good father was a native of the Tyrol, and resign- 
ed the professorship of mathematics in the University 
Ingolstadt to do this unselfish work among the 
heathen. These earnest efforts brought forth good 
fruit in the peaceful and industrious colonies that 
grew up around them. They were taught farming, 
and large bodies of land were brought under culti- 
vation. Sheep and cattle were introduced, comfort- 
able houses were erected, and order and industry 
took the place of savagery and sloth. They were 
self sustaining, and doing good work, not only in 
teaching the truths of the Catholic religion, but in 
developing the material resources of the country. 
During the regime of the missionary fathers, flour- 
ishing haciendos (ranches) at San Pedro, Barbaco- 
mari, Arivapa and Calabasas were established, many 
prospecting and exploring parties penetrated South- 
ern Arizona, and rich mines were opened and 
worked. Some of the silver ores were reduced on 
the ground by simple adobe furnaces, while the 
richest were transported to Sonora and Sinaloa, 
Mexico. Most of the gold and silver ornaments of 
the mission churches came from these mines, and 
at Guevavi the remains of sixteen arrastras (grinding 
machines) could be seen and counted only a few 
years ago. 



CHAPTER 11. 

THK APACHKS — INSURRECTION OF THE PIMAS. 
DECLINE OF THE MISSIONS — ERECTION OF 
THE PRESIDIOS — EXPULSION OF THE JESUITS. 
ARRIVAL OF THE FRANCISCANS — ABANDON- 
MENT OF THE MISSIONS — PRESIDIO TIMES. 

BUT the one great drawback to civilization and 
progress in Arizona was the Apache Indian. 
He was the omnipresent evil, and like some 
people who are never so happy as when they are 
miserable, so, the dreaded Apaches were always at 
war — even in times of expected peace — stealthy, 
treacherous, greedy, too lazy to earn a livelihood 
except by thievery, they were a constant menace to 
civilization from any source — toward any direction. 

They could tell you in a trice if any injustice 
were attempted toward them, but utterly callous, 
blood-thirsty and cruel. You would think, if there 
were not so many of them, that his Satanic majesty 
had taken possession of them, and there was plenty 
of him to go around. 

It was mostly their constant attacks upon the 
Pima tribes of Arizona that in 1751, about sixty 
years after the founding of the prosperous missions, 
drove the naturally resentful Pimas to revolt, for 
they knew no release from the harassments of the 
merciless foe, and driven to madness, they rebelled; 
many of the priests were killed, and several of the 
missions were destroyed. 

After this insurrection the vice-regal government 
erected the presidios of Tucson and Tubac, and 



OLD TUCSON 15 

maintained therein small garrisons for the protec- 
tion of the missions. 

In 1765 a royal decree from Madrid ordered the 
expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and her colo- 
nies, but as the order was not carried into immedi- 
ate effect, it was 1767 before they left this country. 
The results of this expulsion, however, were so 
severe that the Arizona missions never recovered 
from the blow, though in the following year, 1768, 
fourteen Franciscan friars arrived in Tucson from 
Mexico, to take the places of the banished Jesuits. 
Yet a steady decline of the missions followed and 
in 1828, by order of the Mexican government, the 
missions were entirely abandoned; the colonies 
were despoiled by the savages, and the few escap- 
ing the barbarians, took refuge in the presidios. By 
the close of the Mexican War, 1847, these terrible 
Apaches had driven from what was then called 
Pimeria Alta, almost every vestige of civilization, 
and years of precarious living for the presidios of 
Tucson and Tubac followed. A temporary chapel in 
the presidio, in the early days, was dedicated to the 
use of the military and its few other occupants. 

The town was walled for many years, probably 
not less than one hundred and fifty, and was built 
in the form of a square, the wall rising about five 
feet above the flat roofs of the houses, affording fine 
breastworks for the defense of the Pueblo; the rear 
end of the houses was built into, and against the 
heavy wall surrounding the little settlement. The 
only door allowed was the one opening into the open 
square in front. The flat roofs, in the summer time, 
furnished fine family sleeping rooms. 



16 OLD TUCSON 

The little fort was also built in the form of a 
square, with a tower at each corner, fitted with loop- 
holes or small windows for outlooks, and for firing 
on the raiding Indians. The old records say that 
several times the wild Apaches made well organized 
and desperate attempts to capture Tucson, under 
their bravest and ablest leaders, and over one thous- 
and warriors strong, but they were always repulsed, 
Tucson, being the most northerly of the Spanish set- 
tlements, was a constant check upon those cruel 
Indian raids, which often penetrated even northern 
Old Mexico. 

One authority claims that in 1800 Tucson was 
garrisoned by about one hundred regular Spanish 
soldiers, and consisted of one hundred and fifty adobe 
houses, with a population of three hundred and fifty, 
nearly all of whom must have been Mexicans and 
Indians. 

During the Mexican war, or near its close, a 
small force of Texan soldiers captured the little town 
of Tucson, but being pressed for time did not take 
the fort. The Mexican commander, when making 
his official report to his government, congratulated 
himself upon his victory. 



CHAPTER III. 

TREATIES — CONCESSIONS — AMERICAN OCCUPA- 
TION — EARLY LANDMARKS. 
IT MAY be asked what has such a chapter heading 
to do with Old Tucson, and I answer "much 
every way," for as the life history of some 
great man whose individuality and public spirit have 
permeated all progressive movements in the country 
or town where he lives, so Tucson, being the oldest, 
largest and most important point in Arizona, every- 
thing pertaining to territorial affairs was transacted 
by residents, or men coming to, or going from this 
place as a center of attraction and effort. 

In 1847, by treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, all that 
territory north of the Gila river, now included in 
Arizona, was ceded to the United States, while in 
the years 1853-1854, under the early administration 
of President Franklin Pierce, who desired a further 
concession from Mexico, sent the Hon. James Gads- 
den as minister to that country for this purpose. 
His object was to secure a railroad route to the 
Pacific ocean, acquire the ownership of Guaymas, 
and the control of the Gulf of California. There 
were three different propositions submitted, the first 
of which, being the most southern, and granting 
larger territory, would seem, in looking back now at 
the transaction to have been most desirable and 
valuable to the United States. This concession, 
commencing at latitude 30°, center of the Rio Grande, 
running directly west to Gulf of California, and in- 
cluding one-third of the Mexican states of Chihuahua 
and Sonora and the entire peninsula of Lower Cali- 
fornia, north, to line indicated, for $25,000,000. The 



18 OLD TUCSON 

second embraced about the same territory as the 
one finally adopted, but with the additional advant- 
age of a seaport at the head of the Gulf of Califor- 
nia for $15,000,000. But even the last and third pro- 
position, called the Skeleton Treaty, caused a great 
deal of friction in the United States Senate at 
$10,000,000, for when urged by some of the broader 
minded members the advisability of a port of entry 
on the Gulf for the United States, it was answered 
that "a port at Yuma, on the Colorado river, would 
be all sufficient." A big bluff! 

However, the real trouble, back of a seeming penu- 
riousness, was the growing spirit of unrest because 
the subject of slavery was even then looming upon 
the political horizon, and it was feared that South- 
ern extension would intensify the brewing trouble, 
when if it could have been seen that the stupendous 
problem of slavery would settle itself in the end, 
regardless of extension in any direction, it is likely 
that our boundary line on the south would have 
been quite different from what it is at the present 
time. Be that as it may, the transaction brought 
upon Mr. Gadsden much ridicule for the purchase of 
that "worthless desert" as it was termed, unknow- 
ing of its rich mineral deposits, agricultural and 
grazing possibilities. It resembled the later pur- 
chase of Alaska for the United States, by Wm. H. 
Seward, for $7,000,000, for that piece of "frozen 
land," regardless of the fact that the seal fisheries 
alone were well worth the cost of purchase, aside 
from its vast wealth of mineral resources as subse- 
quently developed. 

There is a trait or principle in human nature that 
seems to make true those lines. 



OLD TUCSON 19 

"All great men have been sneered at, jeered at, 
Before their deeds were cheered at." 

Subsequent to the ratification of the Gadsden 
Purchase, the territory was attached to the county 
of Donna Ana, New Mexico. 

The Americans who were in Tucson at that time, 
and aided in its acquisition, came under employ- 
ment of Governor Manuel Gandara, of Sonora, 
Mexico, and were engaged in ranching, stock raising 
and in building houses for the Mexicans, who were 
manufacturing blankets by hand. Those pioneers 
were John W. Davis, John Clark, Dr. Colton and a 
few others. The general immigration of Americans 
began in 1856, and that year the population of Tucson 
was about four hundred, some thirty of whom were 
Americans, while in 1859 Bishop Salpointe reported 
six hundred, an increase of two hundred in three 
years, in spite of the Apaches, but the country at 
large was now waking up to the importance of 
Arizona. 

In 1855 American troops had taken possession of 
Tucson and Tubac. The Mexican colors had been 
lowered, and the stars and stripes unfurled to the 
Arizona breeze. 

Besides the few Americans noted, others whose 
names are just as familiar were conspicuous in 
early times. Chas. D. Boston, whom many of us 
remember in later years, was one of the first arrivals 
in 1856. He came for the purpose of opening up 
and operating rich silver mines. Hon. G. H. Oury; 
Hon. Wm. S. Oury; Hon. Estevan Ochoa, from whom 
we have Ochoa street named ; the Pennington family, 
from whom also we have Pennington street named; 



20 OLD TUCSON 

Gen'l Stone, who immortalized his name in Stone 
avenue; Dr. C. H, Lord and W. W. Williams, the 
latter two of whom engaged in the first banking 
business in Tucson; Peter R. Brady, associated in 
later years in the Pima County Bank with the 
Jacobs Brothers; Wm. Kirtland, who first raised the 
American flag in Tucson; Hon. Hiram Stevens, who 
was sent to congress in 1875, and served two terms; 
Samuel Hughes; Sylvester Mowry, who owned and 
worked for many years the Mowry mine, still in 
operation; John G. Capron, who with twenty-five 
other citizens left Tucson on what proved to be a 
filibustering trip to the relief of Ex-Governor Crabbe, 
at the time of the Crabbe massacre in Old Mexico, 
and interestingly but pathetically remarks that, being 
only a sergeant at that time he "had all the hard 
work to do"; Solomon Warner, of whom we will 
speak later; General Wadsworth; Col. Ed. Cross, 
editor and duellist; and C. H. Meyer, from whom we 
have Meyer street named. Men — brave, daring and 
courageous — many who in different ways distinguish- 
ed themselves, in the civil war, in public life, or as 
wealthy and honored citizens. Many lost their lives 
in brave and desperate encounters with the Indians, 
for life in Tucson in those days was no sinecure. 
There were often captives to be rescued, homes and 
lives of the owners, or those of their neighbors, to 
be defended; lasting friendships were formed, and 
what belonged of helpfulness to one, his neighbor 
could count on as his also. The record of those 
perilous days cannot be written. In the days of toil 
and nights of anxiety no one thought of keeping 
historical records, and they are lost in the oblivion 
and mystery that surrounded life in this frontierland, 



OLD TUCSON 21 

but we know enough to believe that the bravery and 
hardships of those early settlers would equal the 
heroism of any age in the world's history. Not only 
from Tucson, but from one end of the territory to the 
other, their only epitaph the eloquence of bleaching 
bones and ruined homes. 

In March of 1856 Solomon Warner opened the first 
store in Tucson. He brought in thirteen pack mules 
from California, laden with merchandise for this 
purpose, and for many years much of the necessary 
supplies for Tucson were brought in that way from 
Guaymas and Hermosillo under the protection of 
troops. These pack mules were commonly called 
burros, and must have been a left-over legacy from 
the extinct civilization of bygone ages, since I've 
never heard of their introduction to Arizona. They 
seem to have been a native production, and like 
Topsy, to have just "growed." The burro is never 
too early nor too late in the world's history to be 
both useful and interesting, and is so unique in ap- 
pearance, behavior and characteristics, that he de- 
serves a chapter by himself, but content myself with 
the insertion of the following sympathetic descrip- 
tion which I found somewhere: 

"Burro is the Spanish name for the animal known 
in English as the ass. The term itself (burro) is a 
corruption from our word borrow. The people were 
exceedingly poor (although pious), and the only 
luxury they could indulge in to any extent was bor- 
rowing. But the people had in fact nothing but 
asses and rosaries, and as they must borrow, the 
former being constantly in demand became such 
common objects of borrowing, that the beast finally 











^2 


[ iK' 



OLD TUCSON 23 

took the name of the custom, and fell heir to its 
present perverted name of burro. 

"We could wish that a more expressive and correct 
term than either burro or ass had been applied to 
the animal. As they perambulate our streets daily 
and hourly, loaded to the muzzle with their burdens 
of wood or small boys, with their ears erect and their 
countenances suffused with a perfect glow of deep 
study and concentrated inquiry into the nature and 
origin of this world, we have sometimes thought they 
deserved a better name. We look among all the 
beasts here and we think we find none so useful and 
worthy of commendation as the burro. He is so 
adapted to the wants of the poor. His original price 
is small and he costs nothing to keep. Pastures 
which from its barrenness, would give a sound 
horse the staggers, and cure a mule of kicking, will 
produce contentment in the bosom of the burro, and 
he will grow fat on cold adobe walls, made with 
straw. 

"But the most pleasing feature of this docile crea- 
ture is his humility, his meekness and his submis- 
siveness. Whether he gets these qualities from the 
ancestor who bore his Godlike burden over the 
spread garments and palm branches into the high- 
gates of old Jerusalem, we know not. It may be. 
And the glorious fact may have tinged with blissful 
contentment the blood of all his race, even unto this 
day. It is sometimes said he is stubborn, but if 
those who say this could know, as the burro knows, 
the everlasting height, and depth and length and 
breadth of the consummate meanness of the human 
race, they might also, after a few centuries of en- 



OLD TUCSON 25 

durance, exhibit something resembling stubbornness 
or slight uncertainty in their actions. 

"Besides his cheapness and small attendant ex- 
pense, the burro more nearly meets the demands of 
the poor than any other animal. He bears his burden 
on his back. He needs no gaudy attachment of 
chariot, or harness or stable. He rarely strays. He 
supplies the poor man's fire. He furnishes his frugal 
living. After warming and feeding his task-master 
he completes his usefulness by singing that master 
and his household to sleep. How he will sing! Verily 
he lifts up his voice and howls. One burro can 
rend the air and make the welkin ring. There is 
only one thing which the burro cannot do. He can- 
not stop braying after he has once commenced until 
he has finished the tune. He is all right as long as 
he totally abstains from braying, and has the most 
perfect control of all his faculties. But let him once 
cross the Rubicon of his bray, and nothing short of 
instant death can help him until he has finished. 
We have seen a burro with tears in his eyes, and his 
whole form convulsed with a futile endeavor to cut 
a bray off just one or two notes short. It was use- 
less. He can do most anything else. He can wag 
one ear at a time. He can wag both ears at once. 
He can wag his tail and one ear at a time. He can 
wag his tail and both ears in unison. He can wag 
his tail and not wag either ear. But what satisfac- 
tion is there in all these graceful accomplishments 
when he can't manage his bray. He is so ashamed 
of his weakness that he sometimes gets desperate, 
and so you will frequently see him braying and run- 
ning at the same time. This is caused by a foolish 



26 OLD TUCSON 

idea on his part that he may possibly run the end of 
the bray down. 

"But all in all, the gentle burro has not his equal 
among the beasts of the field. His lot is humble, 
and yet he has borne a God upon his back. His task 
is lowly and still so well performed that if we can 
all make the same showing at the going down of our 
sun, it shall be well with us, notwithstanding what 
may be the dictum of stoled priest or high altar, or 
misinterpreted Book." 

It was Solomon Warner also, who later built and 
owned the flour mill, the ruins of which are still to 
be seen on the west bank of the Santa Cruz river, 
and in fact, the village at that time was located in 
what is now the southwestern part of the city — as 
from time immemorial "Old Tucson." One authority 
claims that it was situated a half mile further up 
the river, while another locates it a mile further up, 
but the old mill is a pretty fair landmark, as well as 
the old mission Escala Pura, in the valley also, on 
the west bank of the river. The presidio, or fort, 
was in the vicinity of Levin's park, west of the 
old Zeckendorf store. 



CHAPTER IV. 

EFFORTS AT TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION — SE- 
CESSION — CIVIL WAR — INDIANS — MAIL FA- 
CILITIES. 

FROM the time of American occupation of Tucson 
and the territory in 1855, to 1887, was a period 
of trial, anxiety, expectation, bloodshed and 
transition, and the part that our town and territory 
took at this stage of affairs becomes very interesting. 
Two problems of exceptional interest and import- 
ance, whose results were outreaching and lasting, 
occupied the thoughts and attention of the people 
of those early times, and they were almost simul- 
taneous in their demand for wise and prompt action. 
Whether the course they took in relation to the 
second problem, that of the civil war, was advisable, 
may be more accurately determined in the light of 
subsequent events than at that early day, but that 
the effort to secure territorial organization was both 
wise and important can not be questioned. Friends 
of the territory in the United States Senate and the 
House of Representatives made efforts to attain this 
benefit, yet were unsuccessful. Also within the ter- 
ritory — at Tucson, as early as 1856 — a mass meeting 
had been called, and Mr. Nathan P. Cook chosen to 
represent Arizona at Washington, in an effort to 
secure recognition as a distinct territory, but his 
credentials being unauthorized by a formally organ- 
ized territory, he could not be admitted to congress. 
It was like telling a boy to stay away from the 
water till he had learned how to swim. However, 



28 OLD TUCSON 

his errand was considered in the House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1857, and referred to the Territorial 
Committee, who reported adversely because of "that 
sparsely settled section," yet acknowledging the un- 
fortunate conditions of a people with no recognized 
government, recommended the passing of a bill to 
form a judicial district south of the Gila river, 
appoint a surveyor general, and to provide for rep- 
resentation of Arizona at Santa Fe, New Mexico, to- 
gether with other measures. Such a bill was passed 
in the Senate, but did not reach the House before 
final adjournment. In the same year President 
Buchanan recommended in his message a territorial 
government for Arizona, and Senator Gwin intro- 
duced a bill to organize such a government for the 
Gadsden Purchase under the name of Arizona. Vari- 
ous petitions from various people and states were 
also sent to Congress. Being attached to New Mexico, 
any violators of the law in Arizona had to be taken 
to Mesilla, the county seat of Donna Ana for trial, 
and Arizonans in general, and Tucsonans in par- 
ticular, craved a home government, though there 
being in those days no edict against carrying con- 
cealed weapons every man armed himself to the 
teeth against surprise of any kind, and did as he 
pleased. 

In an election, held in Tucson, September, 1857, 
the citizens prepared a new petition, choosing Syl- 
vester Mowry as delegate to Congress. Mr. Mowry 
was not admitted; neither did the bill of Senator 
Gwin find favor in the halls of Congress. Again in 
1858-1859 Mr. Mowry was sent to Washington. It 
has been said that Mr. Mowry "invented Arizona," 
and Congress was memorialized in another effort, but 



OLD TUCSON 29 

no territorial organization resulted. In 1858 the leg- 
islature of New Mexico also passed resolutions in 
favor of giving Arizona a separate organization, but 
as though blood-drenched Arizona didn't have Indian 
troubles enough of her own, they wished to remove 
all of the New Mexican Indians to Northern Arizona. 
Determined to have some form of home government, 
the leading citizens of Tucson held in 1860 a so-called 
constitutional convention, composed of thirty-one 
delegates from the entire district, which at that time 
included the Rio Grande country. They organized a 
provisional government to remain in effect until Con- 
gress should give them a territorial government, but 
no longer. General Wadsworth was president of that 
convention, which chose L. A. Owens (now of Texas) 
as provisional governor, who was to appoint subordi- 
nate officers. A legislature, consisting of nine sena- 
tors and eighteen representatives, was to be elected 
and convened upon proclamation of the governor, who 
appointed Ignacio Orrantia for Lieutenant Governor; 
James A. Lucas, Secretary of State; Mark Aldrich, 
Treasurer; Samuel G. Bean, Marshal; District 
Judges, Granville H. Oury (Chief Justice), Samuel 
H. Cozzens and Edward McGowan (Associate Jus- 
tices) ; Major General, W. C. Wadsworth, who com- 
manded the militia, and upon his staff were Col. W. 
S. Oury, of Tucson, and John G. Capron. In this 
year Mr. Mowry got out a map, dividing the terri- 
tory into four counties, as follows: On the west, 
what is now Yuma, he named Castle Dome. Our 
county of Pima he extended eastward to Apache 
Pass and called it Ewell. Mesilla county eastward to 
the Rio Grande, and Donna Ana county eastward 
from the Rio Grande to line of Texas. The remain- 



OLD TUCSON 31 

der of what is now Arizona, being inhabited by wild 
Indians, probably the Navajoes, was left to New 
Mexico — nobody wanted the Indians. 

Mr. Mowry was again sent to Washington, but as 
before his errand proved unsuccessful. It was claim- 
ed, and probably with justice, that the reason all these 
efforts in behalf of territorial organization were un- 
successful, was because of the approaching civil war, 
and the extraordinary events then taking place in 
Washington. 

The opening of this most lamented war had caused 
the entire withdrawal of the Federal troops from 
Arizona, and though both Confederate and Union 
forces alternately occupied it, yet they seemed like 
passing waves of the sea, for their absence again 
placed the Apache Indian to the front, and in their 
ignorance, thinking that the soldiers were withdrawn 
out of fear of them, they took every advantage of 
this exposed condition, and advanced to the very out- 
skirts of the village, as close as the present site of 
the Palace Hotel on Meyer Street, and everywhere 
they carried death and destruction with them. 

These conditions lasted for about a year, when in 
February, 1862, a company of Confederates (a por- 
tion of Colonel Bailey's command from Mesilla, on 
the Rio Grande,) arrived in Tucson, under Captain 
Hunter, and took possession of the territory in the 
name of the Confederate States. The majority of 
the white population were in sympathy with his 
cause, and perhaps for this reason the Federal troops 
had been withdrawn. Anyway some time before his 
arrival the citizens of Tucson held a meeting (those 
of Union sentiments, probably as a matter of discre- 
tion, observing silence) and with all the solemnity 



?,2 OLD TUCSON 

which the occasion demanded, passed an ordinance, 
proclaiming the secession of Arizona from the Union. 

Hunter held possession until May, when the ad- 
vance of the California column, under General Carle- 
ton, changed the order of things in a very short 
time. Hunter, claiming that he did not possess suf- 
ficient force to meet General Carleton in battle, 
withdrew into New Mexico, though one account says 
that Hunter sent out a small detachment as far as 
Mount Pecacho, forty miles west of Tucson, and that 
there was a skirmish of some kind, resulting in the 
killing of one commissioned officer and several men 
from the California column, though of course the 
victory was for the Union arms. 

Major S. R. DeLong, Colonel James H. Toole and 
Captain G. C. Smith, for many years leading citizens 
of Tucson, were officers in this famous California 
column, and it is from Major De Long that we 
gather these facts. Colonel Toole, whose family we 
all knew, built and owned the large square house on 
the corner of Stone Avenue and East Ochoa Street. 
Capt. G. C. Smith was later stationed at Fort Lowell. 
On June 8th of this year General Carleton, in Tucson, 
by general orders, placed the whole territory, since 
they had seceded, under martial law, until such 
time as a civil government should be organized under 
the jurisdiction of the United States. Probably for 
the few inhabitants then in Arizona, a military gov- 
ernment being more direct in its methods, was for 
the time being, the best, yet the General was very 
sensitive to criticism, and it was impossible but that 
he should be criticised for this coercive measure, 
however well meant, and we shall see later, when 
the territorial government came from the east — not 



OLD TUCSON 33 

on a water wagon, nor yet on the band wagon, bat 
in a wagon train— that this criticism cost Tucson the 
capital. 

In 1857 a line of stages operating between San An- 
tonio, Texas, and San Diego, California, made bi- 
monthly trips, stopping at Tucson, and the Pima 
villages, as they passed back and forth. In 1858 this 
line was merged into the Overland Mail Company, 
which operated between St. Louis, Missouri, and San 
Francisco, making bi-weekly trips, and carrying 
United States mail. These facilities were a great 
help to Tucson, for it became a flourishing trading 
post for many, and some extensive mining concerns, 
thus connecting Tucson with the commercial centers 
both east and west; but with the breaking out of the 
civil war the property of the line was confiscated by 
some of the states through which the line ran and 
unfortunate Tucson, being isolated, was without mail 
facilities for several years. The first public mail 
that reached the town after the war, came on horse- 
back from California, September 1st, 1865, and the 
first through mail from Eastern States, Barlow, 
Sanderson & Co., reached Tucson, August 25th, 1866. 



CHAPTER V. 

TEltlUTOIUAL GOVERNMENT — LOCATION OF CAPI- 
TAL — FIRST PRINTING PRESS — EARLY MINES. 
MORE INDIANS, AND THEIR FINISH. 

FINALLY in 1863, President Lincoln signed the 
bill giving Arizona a separate and distinct ter- 
ritorial government. Hon. John Gurly was the 
first appointed governor, but as he died in New York 
City before the other officials were ready to leave 
the east for their western post of duty, the Hon. 
John Goodwin was appointed to the vacancy. Rich- 
ard C. McCormick, appointed first territorial secre- 
tary, become our second acting governor. 

In the distribution of official trusts, Hon. Charles 
D. Poston, though he had been a good friend of the 
territory, and a pioneer miner since 1856, was left 
out, and when he made complaint of the omission 
he was told that he might be superintendent of In- 
dian affairs — certainly an unenviable position, but 
then it was an office. 

In December of this year the official staff reached 
Navajo Springs, under escort of troops sent out by 
General Carleton. Whether he accompanied the 
troops or not in person, he was responsible for the 
location of the capital in Northern Arizona, for 
though as yet the valuable, undiscovered mining 
properties in that section had not created a 
town, yet General Carleton thought it no harm to the 
territory to have two thrifty growing centers of 
trade instead of one, and the formal organization of 
the territory took place at Navajo Springs, forty 



OLD TUCSON 35 

miles northwest of the famous Zuni pueblo. Upon 
the raising of the flag, Secretary McCormick an- 
nounced the sovereignty of the United States, and 
made an appropriate speech. It seema peculiar that 
Governor Goodwin is not mentioned as taking any 
part in this observance. 

The party soon moved westward as far as Fort 
Whipple, where General Carleton had erected bar- 
racks for the protection of miners and stockmen, and 
while the official staff remained at the barracks, 
Fort Whipple was the seat of government. Again 
moving westward, but determined to humiliate Tuc- 
son for her criticisms of his proclamation of martial 
law. General Carleton, though knowing that Tucson 
was the intended capital, halted at the present site 
of Prescott, and there the capital permanently re- 
mained for a number of years. In 1868 however 
Tucson came into her own, the capital being moved 
here, where it remained for nine years, then was 
transferred again to Prescott, and later still, as being 
more central, to Phoenix. 

Just at the time that negotiations were pending 
concerning the Gadsden Purchase, and prior to its 
transfer to the United States, Major Emery, of the 
United States Survey Service, was stationed in the 
immediate vicinity of Tucson, and gives the follow- 
ing interesting description: 

"Tucson is inhabited by a few Mexican troops, and 
their families, together with some tame Indians. The 
town is very prettily situated in a fertile valley at 
the base of the Santa Catalina Mountains. Some fine 
fields of corn and wheat were ready for the sickle, 
and many varieties of fruits and vegetables were to 
be had. The Indians, under direction of the Mexi- 



OLD TUCSON 37 

cans, do most of the labor in the fields. While in 
camp we were the recipients of every attention and 
civility from Captain Garcia, who commanded the 
place. 

"I saw in Tucson a fine specimen of meteoric iron 
from the Santa Rita Mountains, which is used as a 
blacksmith's anvil." 

Later I learned that this specimen was sent to 
the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, where a 
model of it was made, and sent back to Tucson, and 
this model may be seen in the museum at the Terri- 
torial University. 

While all these things had been going on, there 
was also another little wave of interest taking place, 
showing how even in the trails of civilization, men 
look to intellectual development and intelligent edu- 
cational facilities. 

In 1858 John Wrightson brought the first printing 
press to this region, presumably Tucson, since 
everything else, including Indians, came to Tucson, 
and the Weekly Arizonan was established at Tubac, 
with Mr. Ed. Cross as editor. 

Over this press some trouble occurred, and a duel 
was fought between Mr. Cross and the traveled Mr. 
Mowry, after which it became the property of Mr. 
Mowry, who left it in charge of Mr. Oury at Tucson, 
where a Mr. Pierce, good writer, but unfortunate 
drunkard and borrower, got out a few copies, then 
left for parts unknown, and Mr. DeLong purchased 
the press, assuming the editorship for that year. He 
then put it into the hands of one Dooner, who, chang- 
ing the politics into that of a Democratic sheet, so 
disgruntled the Republican supporters of the Weekly 
Arizonan that Major DeLong sold the press to John 



38 OLD TUCSON 

Wasson (afterward Surveyor General) who in 1870 
founded the Citizen. In 1875 R. C. Brown be- 
came a partner. In 1878 John Clum bought and 
moved it to P'lorence, but in 1879 the Citizen 
again appeared in Tucson, when R. C. Brown became 
its proprietor and was for many years identified with 
its interests. 

This press is now in Tombstone, and was, until 
recently, used in printing "The Nugget" of that city. 
We would recommend that it be sent to the Smith- 
sonian Institute, along with the old meteoric anvil, 
a model of it returned to the Territorial University 
Museum, or turned over to the Pioneer Historical 
Society in Tucson. 

The Arizona Daily Star was first started as the 
"Bulletin," March 1st, 1877, by L. C. Hughes, Esq., and 
Mr. Chas. Tully, then almost immediately changed to 
the Tri-Weekly Star. In August of the same year it 
was issued as a weekly, with Mr. Hughes sole pro- 
prietor. This paper, like the Citizen, has, for the 
most part, issued both daily and weekly editions. In 
politics the Star is Democratic, yet the interests of 
the people, and the development of the resources of 
the territory, have been paramount. The various 
stages of successive growth of both papers is a 
reflex of the increasing business activity and wonder- 
ful growth of this section of Arizona. 

El Fronterizo, published in Spanish, and ably edited 
by its proprietor, Don Carlos I. Velasco, was estab- 
lished in September, 1878. 

The Daily Journal, independent in politics, and the 
Weekly Mining Journal, devoted to mining interests, 
were both issued from the office of their founder, E. 
P. Thompson, Esq., in June, 1881. 




Photo by Buehman 
FIRST OUTPUT OF BULLION, VALUED AT $50,000.00, FROM 
THE CONSOLIDATED TOMBSTONE MINES 



40 OLD TUCSON 

Evidently Tucson has no reason to be ashamed of 
her press advantages and privileges. 

Soon after the Gadsden Purchase was effected, the 
Cerro Colorado mine, under Col. Charles D. Poston, 
the Ajo, and later, the Silver King, Quijotoa, 
Copper Queen, Clifton, Morenci, Bradshaw, San 
Xavier, and other mines, were opened and worked. 
Companies organized in New York and Cincinnati 
operated extensively in these districts. The rich 
mines were lodestones drawing population westward 
to Tucson, Prescott, Globe and Tombstone. 

The picture here shown is that of the first ship- 
ment of silver bullion, valued at $50,000, from what 
is now the Consolidated Tombstone Mine, and which 
was sent by stage to the Safford, Hudson & Co.'s 
bank on West Congress Street, Tucson. The stage, 
an old time Concord coach, was guarded, externally, 
by armed outriders, and internally, by men armed to 
kill any would-be robbers. It presented a comical 
appearance, with loaded guns sticking out on all 
sides, and the whole town turned out to witness its 
arrival with its load of princely treasure. The wealth 
of this mine was fabulous in early days — the product 
in 1882, alone, being $1,440,895. 

After the withdrawal of the California volunteers 
from Tucson in 1866, and their places filled by regu- 
lars who didn't seem to understand ambush methods 
of Indian warfare, Arizona suffered many heart break- 
ing experiences. Mistaken sympathy for "Lo, the 
poor Indian," among Eastern philanthropists, ex- 
tended also into army circles, and leaders of troops 
were prone to go into camp as soon as they struck 
an Indian trail, and there remain until the scoundrels 
had escaped their so-called pursuers. Sometimes, 



OLD TUCSON 41 

the citizens, driven to desperation, rose in their 
might and took swift and just vengeance. One 
notable instance of this was the Camp Grant massa- 
cre, which came about in this way: In February, 
1871, a band of Apaches, known as the Aravaipa, or 
Pinal Apaches, being short of rations, came into 
Camp Grant, on the San Pedro, and made a verbal 
treaty by which they were to be supplied with ra- 
tions, and were to live in the vicinity of the camp 
It was then expected that depredations around Tuc- 
son and San Pedro would cease, but instead, the In- 
dians became worse and worse, and what looked 
worse than ever, the trail of the marauders when- 
ever followed led directly to the Indian camp in the 
vicinity of old Camp Grant. When this was known 
public meetings were held in Tucson, resolutions 
were passed, petitions were sent to military head- 
quarters, then in Los Angeles, setting forth the 
facts and asking assistance, but no action was taken 
Parties upon traveled roads were attacked, robbed 
and killed; ranchmen and stock driven from their 
ranches, and a man named Wooster and his wife, on 
the Santa Cruz, killed, as well as others, and all the 
trails led to this treacherous Indian camp. To settle 
the matter beyond doubt three Papago trailers were 
hired to follow these depredators, without being told 
what it was for. Three trails were followed, three 
reports made, and all agreed as to the place — to the 
very Indians whom the United States were supporting 
with rations to prey upon the struggling settlers. 
This was too great a wrong to be borne, and silently 
an expedition was organized, consisting of fifty Papa- 
go Indians and five Americans, who went forth in 
just defense of their homes and lives. Arriving at 



42 OLD TUCSON 

the Indian camp at break of day, Sunday, April 30th, 
1871, they completely surprised the murderers, and 
made an end of the lot, about eighty-seven, and not 
one of the expedition was killed, or even wounded. 
Among their camp effects were found the murdered 
Mrs. Wooster's dress and Mr, Wooster's leggings, 
with his initials upon them — also seven horses from 
Tucson, or its vicinity, one a very recent theft. 

Of course this total extinction of a camp, though 
well merited and entirely justifiable, made a great 
commotion in the East, and Gen. W. T. Sherman, then 
commanding the army, and not knowing of the con- 
stant depredations carried on against the white set- 
tlers, recommended that all the parties engaged in 
the affair should be tried for their lives. Accordingly 
all were arrested and tried in our territorial court 
in this city, for Tucson was at that time the capital. 
Judge Titus presided, and every man was acquitted, 
for no jury in Arizona at that time would convict 
parties for killing hostile Indians. At last the gen- 
eral government was compelled to take notice, and 
Gen. George Crook was put in command, arriving in 
the territory in June, 1871, and came prepared to 
take summary action. However, through influence 
of eastern philanthropists, tiie soothing methods went 
on, but the scourge becoming unbearable. General 
Crook took matters in his own hand, and with 
scouts and troops punished the rascals until they 
were glad to submit and humbly begged to be allowed 
to settle upon reservations. This was done, and 
peace and quiet reigned for a while, and the entire 
territory, with its rapidly growing towns and pros- 
perous mines, made great advancement. Yet the 
spirit of unrest and desire for pillage and bloodshed 



OLD TUCSON 43 

stirred the Indians of San Carlos reservation, and in 
1885 a small band, under Geronimo, one of the cruel- 
est of savages, broke loose from the agency, and 
went on the warpath. They terrorized ranches, op- 
erated in the vicinity of Benson and Tanque Verde, 
and from tracks seen they were thought to be lurk- 
ing around Tucson. 

About this time when returning to the San Pedro 
after bringing his family to Tucson, the brother of the 
late W. C. Davis was shot on the new county road, 
just then built between Tucson and the settlement of 
Reddington, on the San Pedro, from which place 
they had come. Then General Miles was sent to 
Tucson and following the depredators with scouts and 
trailers, he captured Geronimo and a part of the 
band in the Chiricahua Mountains, and the balance 
promised to come in, which thing for once they felt 
compelled to do. Geronimo and some others were 
sent to Fort Sill, from whence it was proclaim- 
ed that he was sorry for his sins and was teach- 
ing a class in Sunday school, but civilization preyed 
upon his health, and he petitioned the White Father 
at Washington — fearing he would go into a decline — 
to be allowed to return to San Carlos Reservation 
to recuperate; but at last the United States govern- 
ment had its eyes opened, and Mr. Geronimo had to 
remain at Fort Sill until he died. It is to be hoped 
that his old spook didn't meet the shades of those 
he had tortured and murdered in Arizona, as the 
interview might have been unpleasant for parties on 
both sides. 



CHAPTER VI. 

IMMEDIATE TUCSON — ITS MUNICIPAL GOV- 
ERNMENT AND GROWTH — SCHOOLS AND 
CHURCHES. 

BECAUSE of its antiquity Tucson has had in 
earlier years many points of interest, some of 
which continue unto the present day. Besides 
the old San Xavier Mission already mentioned, there 
are the ruined walls on top of Tumamoc Hill, just 
west of town. By whom or by what race the fortifica- 
tions were built is not known, but the lines of defense 
are still plainly visible. Many large boulders with 
eastern face are covered with hieroglyphics of a lost 
race, whose meaning still remains unsolved. For 
many miles north of the Pueblo, in the Santa Cruz 
valley, lie scattered evidences of dead cities, with a 
mile square of buried foundations There is also 
the abandoned government post, old Fort Lowell, 
which was built and occupied by the military force 
whose near presence on the Military Plaza in the vil- 
lage was not deemed of longer necessity, though for 
reason of liable attacks, from Indians to the number 
of many thousands on reservations still in the terri- 
tory, it was not safe to dispense with their presence, 
within immediate call. 

Levin's Park is also worthy of some description, 
having been for many years a very popular resort in 
Tucson. Here the San Augustine fiestas were held, 
celebration of both American and Mexican indepen- 
dence, and was the scene of many a revelry. It was 
the constant care and pride of Alexander Levin, who 



OLD TUCSON 45 

set out the rows of trees, and watched their growth 
from slender saplings to trees of great height and 
size. The entire area of the park, about seven acres, 
was shaded by their foliage. Benches and tables 
were provided for the guests, and refreshments fur- 
nished from a restaurant on the grounds. A high 
fence made it safe from improper intrusion, and a 
gatekeeper held the premises in charge. A skating 
rink, shooting gallery, bowling alley and dancing 
pavilion were prominent attractions. Music was dis- 
coursed every evening by a first-class string band, 
and concerts every Sunday afternoon were much fre- 
quented. Its pleasant shade and cool breezes were 
blessings in this village on the Santa Cruz, and a 
visit to Tucson was not considered complete without 
taking in the old mission, Levin's Park and Fort 
Lowell, which as long as invested by the military, 
divided honors with the park as a resort for the 
social set of early timers. 

The first public school in Tucson was taught in 
the winter of 1868-1869, by Mr. Augustus Brichta, 
who quite recently died. He came from Prescott, 
where he was assistant clerk of the legislature, and 
in the absence of the chief clerk, says that he con- 
vened the first assemblage of that body after its 
removal to Tucson. After the opening of the Legis- 
lature he resigned his clerkship and taught school 
for four months in an adobe building formerly occu- 
pied by the government, on the little street leading 
to Levin's Garden or Park. Mr. Brichta found it 
difficult to obtain suitable books, notwithstanding 
the Spanish-speaking boys learned rapidly to speak 
English, and became quite proficient in the three R's, 

The next public school was taught by John Spring, 



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OLD TUCSON 47 

on Meyer Street, in the vicinity of the old Palace 
Hotel. Mr. Spring enrolled one hundred and thirty- 
eight boys, the majority of whom were Spanish. 

In 1870 St. Joseph's Convent Academy started up 
with the arrival in Tucson of seven sisters, and this 
institution, keeping pace with the general growth of 
the city in forty-one years, will bear favorable com- 
parison today with any similar school on the Pacific 
Coast. All honor to those self-denying women, who, 
casting aside the pleasures of the outer world, are 
devoting their lives to the educational and moral ad- 
vancement of those committed to their care. 

In the summer of 1872, Mrs. L. C. Hughes opened 
a school for girls, in a house in Levin's Park. This 
school was well attended and proved very beneficial. 

In 1873, Miss Harriet Bolton, afterward the wife 
of Gen. John Wasson, and Miss Maria Wakefield, 
who became the wife of our esteemed townsman, E. 
N. Fish, took charge of the school, and were excel- 
lent teachers. _ 

In the fall of 1874, Prof. W. B. Horton, afterward 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, became princi- 
pal, with two assistants, Ignacio Bonillas and Miss 
Packard. Later the lamented Willis B. Horton also 
conducted a post tradership on San Carlos Reserva- 
tion, and was brutally shot in front of his own store 
by an Apache. However, swift vengeance overtook 
his slayer, for the Indian scouts immediately gave 
chase, and shot the Apache, who died about the 
same time as the man he murdered. Although suf- 
fering cruelly Mr. Horton said to his associates with- 
in call, "I can't pull through boys — until I have bid 
you all good-bye." 



48 OLD TUCSON 

Mr. Horton was a personal friend of the writer's 
family, and their eldest son, Willis, was named for 
him. Remonstrating with him for accepting so 
dangerous a position, he answered, "That it was the 
safest place from Indians in the territory." 

Succeeding teachers in early times were Miss 
Nesmith and Mrs. Aquerre, whom we all knew and 
loved; Miss Nora Smith and Miss Sallie Wood. By 
1882 there were enrolled three hundred and fifty 
pupils, with seven instructors, viz.: Professor Hall. 
Miss E. J. Monk, now Mrs. Guild, who still teaches, 
Mrs. Martha White, Miss L. A. Royce, Miss Lizzie 
Borton, Miss Sallie Wood. Instructor in music, Miss 
Jessie Medbury, and teacher of Spanish, Chas. H. 
Tully. 

In 1881-1882 the first kindergarten in Tucson was 
established by Miss Estelle Morehouse, who taught 
the little ones in the then unoccupied Presbyterian 
Church on Court Plaza, which is now the Congrega- 
tional house of worship. 

Thus we see that, even in that early time — before 
streets were graded or lighted; when sidewalks went 
up hill and down, nor even thought of being curbed, 
but furnished sleeping quarters for the Mexican 
population in hot weather, pedestrians being obliged 
to walk out into the street to avoid walking over 
somebody's boy or girl; when we had to buy water 
by the bucketful, as we now buy milk by the pint or 
quart, the water being brought from springs just north 
of Carrillo's Gardens — there was a strong feeling in 
favor of educational measures. That idea seems to 
lie at the foundation of American life and institu- 
tions. Educate the rising generation, then we have 
men of nerve, character, ability and standing to 



ii 



OLD TUCSON 49 

handle the stirring questions of government, prob- 
lems of ways and means, and all the perplexing and 
knotty questions of daily life and toil. Educate and 
train our girls to think high, aim at lofty ideals, and 
fit themselves to be good home keepers, domestic 
wives and helpmeets, and careful, intelligent moth- 
ers of those intrusted to their care. 

It has been said, and truthfully, that the western 
pioneer builds, first a school house, and then a 
church, and our little village was no exception. St. 
Augustine Church, first established near the old 
cemetery on Alameda Street, and known as the 
Church of the Presidio, was afterwards relocated 
in a small chapel near the corner of Congress Street 
and Church Square. In 1866 the foundation of the 
structure, now known as San Augustine Hotel, was 
laid and completed foe worship under Bishop Sal- 
pointe in 1869. 

The old Presbyterian Church, located on Meyer 
Street and Court Plaza, was begun in 1878 and com- 
pleted in 1879, Messrs. Fred Austin, W. W. Williams 
and W. C. Davis being trustees. Rev. Mr. Anderson 
was the first pastor. The organization had previous- 
ly met for worship in the City Hall. 

The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 
October, 1879. Rev. W. G. Mills was the first pastor, 
and services were held for some time in the old 
Court House. Their fine lot on the corner of Penn- 
ington Street and Stone Avenue, was purchased in 
1881, and church erected and dedicated the same 
year, with Rev. G. H. Adams, Superintendent of 
Methodist Missions in Arizona, for permanent pastor. 
Its cost was nearly $5,000, while the parsonage, now 



50 OLD TUCSON 

removed, and lot occupied by Mr. Steinfeld, was built 
in 1882 at a cost of $1,800. 

The First Baptist Church of Tucson was organized 
at the residence of Mr. E. S. Dodge, April 7th, 1881, 
with six members, besides the pastor, who was Rev. 
Uriah Gregory. Charles D. Poston and Benjamin 
Goodrich were members of the board of trustees. 
In May a lot was purchased for the church and par- 
sonage, consisting of one hundred feet on Stone 
Avenue and sixty-six feet on 8th, now called Council 
Street. On May 15th, recognition services were held 
in the Presbyterian Church. Rev. J. W. Osborn of 
Nebraska preached before the council at 11 a. m., 
and Dr. O. C. Wheeler, Moderator, made the evening 
address, and three new members were added by 
letter. The new chapel was dedicated in January, 
1882. 

The First Congregational Church of Tucson was 
formally organized on November 20th, 1881. The 
services of recognition, by courtesy of the M. E. 
Church, were held in their house of worship, under 
the direction of Revs. L. H. Cobb, D. D., of New 
York, and J. H. Warren, D. D., of San Francisco. 
There were nine original constituent members. The 
Rev. L. B. Tenny, of New Hampshire, was acting 
pastor for the summer of 1882, but in December of 
the same year, the Rev. C. B. Sumner, of Massa- 
chusetts, became regular pastor. Arrangements 
were at once made, and money pledged for the pur- 
chase of the church on Meyer Street and Court 
Plaza, formerly built by the Presbyterian Society, 
that church having dissolved its organization, though 
in later years it reorganized and is at the present 



OLD TUCSON 51 

time one of the most prosperous churches in modern 
Tucson. 

The Congregational Church was for a number of 
years a Home Missionary Church, as indeed were all 
the others in those pioneer days — that society aiding 
the church to the extent of $3,000 on its purchase 
price of $5,000. All of Tucson's churches are, at the 
present time, self supporting. 

Grace Mission Episcopal Church was organized 
September 1st, 1882. Services were at first held in 
the Probate Court room in the new Court House. 
In connection with the mission there was a guild 
for religious and charitable purposes. Pres., Mrs. 
Grace Manlove; vice-pres., Mrs. Adelaide James; 
treasurer, Mrs. Sallie A. Buell; secretary, Rev, C. J. 
Hendly, B. D. 

In 1871 the citizens of Tucson organized a village 
government, with Major S. R. De Long as mayor; 
councilmen, Samuel Hughes, W. W, Williams and 
W. S. Oury; treasurer, Hon. Hiram Stevens; recorder 
and assessor, W. J. Osborn. During that year inquiry 
was made by the council relative to a congressional 
donation in 1864 of land for a townsite, when it was 
learned that though such donation had been made, 
yet it had lapsed through failure of Tucson to make 
it available. 

In 1872 the same gentlemen served in town offices, 
except that E. N. Fish was treasurer, and in this 
year the sum of $1,600 was paid the government for 
United States patent to two sections of land for the 
townsite of Tucson, and in August of the same year, 
the village authorities began to issue deeds to pur- 
chasers of lots, and to donate land for school and 
church purposes. In 1873 the same gentlemen 




Photo by Buehman 
COSMOPOI.ITAN HOTEL IN 1874. NOW SANTA CRUZ HOTEL 



OLD TUCSON 53 

served as town officers, and in 1874 the same, except 
R. N. Leatherwood took the place of C. T. Etchells. 

In 1875 the mayor was Estevan Ochoa; councilmen, 
P. Drachman, C. T. Etchells, Samuel Hughes and 
R. N. Leatherwood; treasurer, E. N. Fish; recorder, 
C. H. Meyer. In this year the salary of marshal 
was fixed at $20, but could be increased in special 
seasons. Artesian wells were also projected and 
contract awarded, but it was found that artesian 
water didn't materialize so readily. Also in this 
year the village purchased a wagon, harness and two 
good mules for town use, but later sold them as 
being too expensive to operate. 

The old cemetery was abandoned this year as a 
place of burial, and ten lots were donated by the 
village for a new one, also lots for a Catholic ceme- 
tery. 

Village lots were offered free to all persons im- 
proving same to the extent of $100, and residing 
thereon for six months. Hospitalities of the village 
tendered to Gen. A. W. Kautz and staff this year. 

In 1876, mayor, J. B. Allen; councilmen, Samuel 
Hughes, R. N. Leatherwood, C. T. Etchells, P. Drach- 
man; treasurer, E. N. Fish; recorder, C. H. Meyer. 
This must have been a hard year for the Old Pueblo 
for a petition was presented to the council asking 
thiit an election should be held to get the sense of 
the community as to whether the village should dis- 
incorporate and merge again in the county organiza- 
tion. At such election the people decided in the 
negative. Board of Trade (note the improvement) 
was permitted to erect a powder magazine at a safe 
distance from town. The place selected was just off 
what is now North Main Street, but in later years it 



54 OLD TUCSON 

blew itself up and nothing was ever seen of the 
powder magazine again except a big hole in the 
ground. 

Hospitalities of the village tendered to the Mexi- 
can general, Mariscal, and staff. The planting of 
trees along the streets was officially encouraged, but 
nothing accomplished in that line, for though Tucson 
had soil and sunshine, it takes both work and water 
to make things grow. 

Gen. Phineas Banning conferred with the mayor 
and common council concerning the right-of-way and 
depot grounds for the Southern Pacific Railroad, 
which was in process of construction somewhere. 

In 1877, J. B. Allen, mayor; councilmen, R. N. 
Leatherwood, Samuel Hughes, Isaac E. Brokaw and 
A. G. Buttner; treasurer, E. N. Fish; recorder, Joseph 
Neugass; with a Board of Health as well as a Board 
of Trade. 

A new charter for incorporating as a city was 
drawn and granted by the Legislature, and with the 
council meeting of February 7th, 1877, Tucson ceased 
to be a village, and henceforth assumed the duties 
and responsibilities of municipal existence. At the 
first city election in 1878 Col. James H. Toole again 
became mayor; councilmen, R. N. Leatherwood, Paul 
Abadie, C, R. Drake and P. Drachman; treasurer, 
W, W. Williams; recorder and police justice, W. S. 
Edwards. Total debt of the city, January 8th, $1,188. 

Municipal election of 1879— mayor, Jas. H. Toole; 
councilmen, Chas. R. Drake, Alexander Levin, R. N. 
Leatherwood, P. Abadie; treasurer, W. W. Williams; 
recorder, W. J. Osborn. On May 6th Mayor Toole 
tendered his resignation, which was unanimously 
not accepted by the council. 



OLD TUCSON 55 

By this time railroad matters had made commend- 
able progress, and at a special election held on June 
21st, the citizens voted solidly that bonds to the 
amount of $10,000, should be issued by the city for 
the Southern Pacific depot and grounds, right-of-way, 
etc., and it was done as ordered. Riglits and privi- 
leges for feast of San Augustine sold by the city for 
$600, but thereafter were not allowed within the city 
limits, but annually resort to San Xavier for their 
festival. 

In 1880, a very important year for Tucson, R. N. 
Leatherwood, mayor; councilmen, M. G. Samaniego, 
C. T. Etchels, Alexander Levin and C. R. Drake; re- 
corder, C. H. Meyer; treasurer, P. R. Tully, surveyor, 
G. J. Roskruge. 

On March 10th a celebration of the connection of 
the eastern and western lines of the Southern Pacific 
in Tucson took place with a banquet, and the grand- 
est display the little city had ever witnessed. More 
than a hundred citizens acted on committees; many 
eloquent speeches and addresses were made, and 
general good feeling prevailed. Many telegrams had 
been sent concerning the affair, and congratulations 
in reply were read, one of which was of special in- 
terest, purporting to have come from the Pope, who 
sent cordial congratulations, but inquired whether 
Tucson were not in the other world. 

In this year railroad bonds 1, 2, 3 and 4, amounting 
to $2,000, were paid up, while in 1881 the balance of 
the bonds, amounting to $8,000, were cancelled by the 
city fathers, which speaks well for the little city. 
At this time the city property, consisting of forty-five 
blocks and parcels of unsold land, was valued at 
$25,000, and the authorities had in contemplation the 




Photo by Buehman 

ZECKENDORF & STAAB. AND E. N. FISH'S STORES IN 1874, ON 
MAIN STREET 



OLD TUCSON 57 

building of a commodious City Hall, which should 
house the entire municipal government. 

In 1884, the Arctic Ice Company, owned by ex- 
Surveyor General Royal A. Johnson & Co., bought 
out tw^o local concerns, manufactured, and for many 
years supplied the city with this cooling necessity. 

The Territorial University, established by an Act 
of the Thirteenth Legislative Assembly, of 1885, at 
Phoenix, completed and opened for students in Octo- 
ber, 1891, belongs rather and fully to new and greater 
Tucson, yet its beginnings were in a period of great 
transition for the Old Pueblo. The bill was intro- 
duced into the council by Hon. C. C. Stephens, car- 
ried through the house by the able efforts of Hon. 
S. M. Franklin, of our city, and approved by Gover- 
nor F. A. Tritle, March 12th of that same year. Third 
Street, now the handsome boulevard, electric line and 
driveway to the University, was then still in the 
brush, and was only thought of by the inhabitants of 
Buell's addition, in that vicinity, as the winding trail 
to the gruesome graveyard, northwest of town. 
Students and their friends, first going out to the Uni- 
versity, went by several cut-offs, across by the old 
depot, striking 9th Street at several different angles, 
and if by vehicle, were in danger of being found 
standing in the arroya, with the cart before the horse, 
by reason of the steep hills and deep gullies. Had 
automobiles been in fashion then, they would have 
jumped from one hill to another, or turned turtle at 
the bottom. 

Tucson, in early days was honored with many dis- 
tinguished guests, United States senators, ambassa- 
dors to foreign countries, barons and baronesses, so- 



58 OLD TUCSON 

called, earthquakes and even presidents of the United 
States. In March, 1880, President Hayes arrived, and 
was entertained with much enthusiasm. The presi- 
dential party and invited guests dined at the resi- 
dence of Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Williams. In later 
years President Harrison also passed through Tuc- 
son, and held an informal reception for the business 
men of the city from the platform of his private 
Pullman. 

Senator J. J. Ingalls, in one of his published letters 
concerning his visit to Tucson wrote: "I regret that 
I did not come earlier. It is said to be hotter than a 
crematory in summer, but the winter weather is cer- 
tainly incomparable — if what I have experienced so 
far is a sample. The dryness, the stillness, the 
brightness, the inexplicable charm of mountain, plain 
and sky; the hues of sunset and dawn, the splendor 
of the stars, the vague, blue mystery of the horizon; 
the odd, quaint town, with its queer people and their 
habits; its gambling dens open on the main streets, 
day and night; its cowboys and miners and tramps 
and toughs and gentlemen, all make a scene of inde- 
scribable interest and enchantment; Mexicans, Indi- 
ans, negroes. Chinamen and Americans, with half a 
dozen different languages and lingoes, make up the 
constantly changing population, that, for all its vices 
and immoralities, is as quiet and orderly as any 
Kansas hamlet." 

Hon. Whitelaw Reid in the New York Tribune, 
says, concerning the air of Arizona: "The atmosphere 
is singularly clear, tonic and dry. I have never seen 
it clearer anywhere in the world. It seems to have 
about the same bracing and exhilarating qualities as 
the air of the great Sahara in Northern Africa, or of 



OLD TUCSON 59 

the desert about Mount Sinai in Arabia. It is much 
drier than any part of the valley of the Nile north 
of Cataract." 

The baron and baroness mentioned were J. A. 
Peralta Reavis and his wife, who in those days trav- 
eled in great state, for they had back of them capi- 
tal furnished by men of great wealth, Robt. G. Inger- 
soll, Roscoe Conkling. Collis P. Huntington, John W. 
Mackay, Chas. Crocker and many others. 

Reavis planned, and barely failed of success, in 
perpetrating one of the most gigantic frauds against 
the United States government that was ever con- 
ceived. The government paid over $100,000 in de- 
fense. Reavis was convicted of conspiracy to defraud 
the government, his scheme was exploded, and his 
sentence was two years in the penitentiary of New 
Mexico. His object was to establish right to a vast 
grant of land, through inheritance of his orphan 
girl-wife, from an extinct family of Spanish nobility. 
They came to Tucson to have certain documents 
photographed, and to prove title, and probably to 
see the land — which was situated on the Gila river — 
consisting of 12,500,000 acres, computed at $100,- 
000,000. Its western border rested upon the eastern 
line of the Pima reservation. When coming to 
Tucson they would send word ahead to reserve the 
entire upper part of old San Xavier Hotel for the 
use of themselves and retinue. Though Reavis was 
a villain, and his wife no better, yet it is the lot of 
the historian to chronicle the bad as well as the 
good. 

On May 3rd, 1887, the year following the close of 
our Indian troubles, Tucson experienced her first 
and last earthquake of any moment, for Arizona has 



60 OLD TUCSON 

not been within the memory of men living, or of any 
known history, one of seismic misfortunes. That 
at some remote period it was the very center and 
outcome — as now presented — of great internal con- 
vulsions, the whole aspect of the country demon- 
strates, but it would seem on this one occasion that 
Tucson, as usual, trying to be a little ahead of her 
neighbors, sprung a surprise even on her own resi- 
dents; for though the vibration lasted only three 
seconds, yet during that time houses rocked, walls — 
even that of the Congregational Church — were 
cracked, and many thought the end of the world had 
come. Hanging lamps swung violently, boxes were 
jarred off of shelves in closets, and dishes from 
shelves in stores. People who got out of doors, and 
looked around them saw the track of the quake as it 
went over the Catalina Mountains, leaving a cloud 
of dust that many imagined was steam from boiling 
volcanoes. No one was hurt, and very little damage 
rendered, but it opened the hearts of our citizens to 
the sufferings of afflicted San Francisco when news 
flashed around the world of her terrible misfortune 
by earthquake in 1906, for they made a donation of 
$5,024, and Governor Pardee of California wrote an 
appreciative letter of thanks to Mr. L. M. Jacobs, 
through whose hands the gift passed. 

From 1875 to 1895, various and numerous franchises 
were granted for artesian water, plain water, gas 
and gas lighting, electric lights, street railways, street 
grades, and improved sidewalks. Also for naming 
streets in extended districts, numbering houses, and 
telephone service. Even in 1905 a franchise to 
build, maintain, and operate street railways, on cer- 
tain streets, was granted to three different parties — 



OLD TUCSON 61 

all necessary and well meant improvements, showing 
how the best and highest were reached out for, some 
of which were accomplished, yet some expiring by 
limitation, crowned with disappointment many ef- 
forts. Yet like the ever rising tide, each effort ap 
proached more nearly to success, for from the Tuc- 
son Post of March, 1906, edited by Mr. Herbert 
Brown, we extract the following: "The noisy clang- 
ing wagon, distributing steel rails along Stone Ave- 
nue, caused many smiles of intense satisfaction on 
the faces of our citizens, for they feel it to be an- 
other step in the evolution of our city." And surely 
it was a prophecy of things to come, sewerage being 
extended the same year. 

The Tucson Citizen of same date announces, "That 
women will be allowed to vote at school elections, 
provided they are parents, or guardians, of a child 
of school age, residing in the district, or if they have 
paid a territorial or county school tax." This is 
evidence of two noble traits among our men: one, 
that they recognize the mental status of women; and 
the other, that they place a premium on motherhood. 

During these years P. R. Tully served a term as 
mayor, and a water franchise was granted R. N. Leath- 
erwood, who sold his right to Parker & Watts, Jos. R. 
Watts, manager, and they erected water works, 
piping filtered water — first from the Santa Cruz 
above town — then digging wells in the bed of the 
river, thus supplying the city with as good, cold 
water as could be found anywhere, and as the city 
grew, more wells were dug. Also Chas. M. Strauss 
served as mayor, and with his councilmen, whose 
names cannot be learned, created valuable regula- 
tions and ordinances relating to Fire Department and 



OLD TUCSON 63 

Police Force, and the division of the city into Wards 
Nos. 1 and 2. 

W. E. Stevens and F. Maish also served as mayors, 
the latter of whom inaugurated the curfew — relating 
to children being on the street after 8 p. m. — and 
granting franchise to the Western Union Telegraph 
Company, and enacting ordinance looking to the em- 
ployment of vagrants for street work. 

In 1893-1894 W. I. Perry was mayor; T. A. Judd, re- 
corder. Mr. Perry's administration was character- 
ized by great economy, for when it closed the city 
was out of debt and there was money in the treas- 
ury. Thus the city government ran along, picking 
up lines here and there, yet still with most of the 
streets ungraded, which, with lack of capital, was 
probably responsible for failure of street car fran- 
chises, and the sidewalks were neither graded nor 
curbed. 

From 1895 to 1899 Henry Buehman, mayor; Chas. 
T. Connell, recorder, we find the following ordinance 
enacted, and carried out in spirit and letter, by his 
very capable corps of councilmen, consisting of 
Frank Russell, Chas. F. Schumacher, General Wilson, 
L. D. Chilson, Chas. Burkhalter, Messrs. Whalley and 
Miltenhurg: "Be it enacted by the mayor and com- 
mon council, that the street commission are hereby 
authorized and empowered to establish the width, fix 
the grade, and prescribe the width of the sidewalks, 
of the whole, or any portion of the streets, and alleys, 
and to order the whole, or any portion, to be graded, 
paved, graveled or macadamized, in such manner, 
and with such materials as the public good and con- 
venience may require." Also the fighting of fowls 
and animals was prohibited and Congress Street ex- 



64 OLD TUCSON 

tended to the westward. Likewise, ordinances passed 
relating to the widening of Congress Street by the 
removal of the wedge, the purchase by the city of 
water works and sewerage mains, the latter of which 
was ably carried out in the succeeding administra- 
tion, under Mr. Gust. A. Hoff, whose councilmen 
warmly seconded his efforts in that and other meas- 
ures for the public welfare. The removal of the 
"wedge" was a big consideration, and though auspici- 
ously for the city, was finally accomplished, yet re- 
quired the earnest and energetic work of several ad- 
ministrations, among whom were C. F. Schumacher 
and Gen. L. H. Manning, all of which is in the mem- 
ory of present city residents. 

But we can hardly close this little history of the 
Pueblo without a sympathetic glalice at the old mule 
car street railway system, with its plodding motive 
power — not at all responsible for its grizzled appear- 
ance, yet was a big step in transportation facilities 
for the social set of Tucson, though seldom that it 
could be caught for the return trip, as darkness often 
settled before it made an appearance. 

The University boys from town, though able to 
reach the scene of their daily toil on foot in advance 
of the car, yet, unless too late to make the cadet 
drill at 8 a. m., generally preferred to "take the 
car," in order to chat with the U. of A. girls, going 
out at an early hour for the class in domestic science. 
When, by reason of the jeers cast at them — for even 
mules are not so unfeeling as one might think — they 
lost their equanimity, and ran the car off the track, 
the fun loving, yet good hearted boys would jump 
off, and putting their shoulder to the wheels, lift the 
car, girls and all, back onto the track, then cheer the 



OLD TUCSON 65 

mules on, as sort of an apology, and to make up for 
lost time. 

This street railway system was one, also, of ac- 
commodation, for the patronage being slow, to match 
the mules, if the conductor saw across the plaza, a 
prospective passenger frantically waving her hands, 
the kind hearted man would wait a full ten minutes, 
and perhaps lose several passengers from other di- 
rections, who being in a hurry, couldn't await the 
starting up of the car, and proceeded on their ways 
by biped trail. Sometimes in coming from the Uni- 
versity on foot, and trying to cut off space, one would 
lose his way, and find himself standing in the arroya, 
under the Stone Avenue bridge; but why mock at the 
mules, even though they were the city's joke, and 
the humiliation of the burros, standing on the street 
corners, already ashamed of their old fathers and 
mothers ? 

Now that we have installed the modern electric 
trolley line, which goes whizzing by, making one al- 
most imagine himself in New York or San Francisco, 
we should not forget the humble way by which we 
climbed to the present accomplishment. 

Now that our citizens are preparing the way for 
great railroad enterprises which will materially in- 
crease our population, it seems that the next improve- 
ments from a monetary standpoint would be invest- 
ment of capital, in the hands of big companies or 
moneyed syndicates capable of handling large pro- 
jects, like raising artesian water, or water that does 
not necessarily lie so deep, yet is below the surface, 
awaiting only the action of vast machinery to make 
it the principal factor in the development of Ari- 
zona's abundant resources. There is no doubt but 



APR 19 19^1 



(U; OLD TUCSON 

that mighty subterranean rivers, that once blessed 
this land in upper flow, still exist, sunken in beds 
of sand, like the Santa Cruz, or stratified rock, 
like the huge bulk more than a thousand feet 
below the surface at Tombstone, in Cochise 
County, that seems to have quenched a mighty 
mining enterprise. Canals or water tunnels, 
costing perhaps millions of dollars, tapping the sur- 
face and rocky caverns, possibly a hundred miles 
away, might lead that water to the irrigation of mil- 
lions of acres, in its onward sweep to the sea. 

Then similar companies to build fine roads, and 
trolley lines to the top of our loftiest mountains, 
there to erect summer hotels and also to build and 
own hotels in the city, so that whatever the change 
of season or temperature, the same builders would 
always be sure of patronage to cover their heavy 
investments. 

" 'Tis silent effort moves the world, 
Not noise, nor show, nor strife." 

ADIOS ! 
































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